Egypt: Islamic State Group Claims Responsibility for Twin Church Bombings

The Path to Radicalization: Following a German Salafist to Egypt

SPIEGEL ONLINE INTERNATIONAL: A year ago, a SPIEGEL editor met a Salafist in Hannover. Following several meetings in Germany, he traveled with him to his new home in Egypt. But he could not have anticipated the danger he would encounter there.

It's still dark in Alexandria, and I can hear the Salafist breathing in the dark. He is tiptoeing across the room.

The man approaching my bed picked me up from the airport yesterday. His name is Dennis Rathkamp, and he is a 24-year-old auto mechanic who used to play guitar in his church confirmation class. He moved to Egypt a few weeks ago to learn how to become a good Muslim.

On this morning, my body is lying between Rathkamp and Mecca. He drops to his knees and lowers his forehead to the floor. It's 6:30 a.m., time for early prayers. I hear Rathkamp moving his lips silently. He promised me he would try to be quiet while praying.

I am lying in this bed in a stranger's apartment because I am searching for an answer to the question of what drives the Salafists, a group of people who are feared in Germany. The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV), Germany's domestic intelligence agency, estimates that 60 German Salafists emigrated to Egypt last year. Many chose the city of Alexandria as their new home, and they now live in the Mandara neighborhood in the north of the city.

Rathkamp says that he moved to Alexandria because he wants to learn the language of his prophet -- and because he could no longer endure the discrimination in Germany.

I met him when he was handing out Korans in the northern German city of Hannover last spring. I asked him if he would take me to his mosque, because I wanted to learn more about Islam. I accompanied him to Friday prayers many times after that. We drank tea together and had long conversations. Afterwards, he would drive me to the train station and give me pamphlets explaining women's role in Islam to take home to my girlfriend. » | Takis Würger | Friday, March 15, 2013

Egyptians Pelt Clinton Motorcade with Tomatoes

REUTERS.COM: Protesters threw tomatoes and shoes at Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's motorcade on Sunday during her first visit to Egypt since the election of Islamist President Mohamed Mursi.

A tomato struck an Egyptian official in the face, and shoes and a water bottle landed near the armored cars carrying Clinton's delegation in the port city of Alexandria after she gave a speech on democratic rights.

A senior U.S. official said neither Clinton nor her vehicle, which was around the corner from the incident, were hit by the projectiles, which were thrown as U.S. officials and reporters walked to the motorcade after her speech.

Protesters chanted "Monica, Monica," a reference to the extra-marital affair conducted by Clinton's husband, former President Bill Clinton, while in the White House. Others earlier chanted "leave, Clinton" an Egyptian security official said. » | Arshad Mohammed | ALEXANDRIA, Egypt | Sunday, July 15, 2012

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La tension monte en Égypte après l'attentat d'Alexandrie
Dimanche, au Caire, des manifestants coptes s'en sont pris aux hauts responsables venus pérsenter leurs condoléances au patriarche Chenouda III. Photo : Le Figaro
LE FIGARO: Des incidents ont éclaté dimanche au Caire après l'explosion qui a fait 21 morts devant une église d'Alexandrie. Un ministre a été la cible de jets de pierres et l'un des principaux responsables musulmans du pays a été encerclé dans sa voiture.

Depuis l'attentat qui a fait 21 morts et 79 blessés dans la nuit du Nouvel An devant une église copte d'Alexandrie, les heurts se multiplient à travers l'Egypte. Après de violents affrontements entre chrétiens et musulmans, samedi, à Alexandrie, des incidents ont éclaté au Caire dimanche. Plusieurs centaines de coptes se sont rassemblés dans l'enceinte de la Cathédrale Saint-Marc, siège du patriarcat copte orthodoxe, harcelant les responsables qui venaient présenter leurs condoléances. Des manifestants ont ainsi jeté des pierres sur Osmane Mohamed Osmane, secrétaire d'Etat au développement économique, après qu'il a rencontré le patriarche Chenouda III. Au même moment, des affrontements opposaient d'autres manifestants aux policiers postés à l'extérieur. >>> Par lefigaro.fr | Lundi 03 Janvier 2011

Egypt Gripped by Rising Muslim-Christian Tensions
Hundreds of Egyptian Muslims protesting against what they allege are abuses by Egypt's Coptic Church. Photograph: TIME
TIME: Around 200 men flooded out of the al-Qa'id Ibrahim mosque into the midday sunlight following the Friday afternoon prayers in Alexandria. They held up banners before the hundreds of black-clad riot police who were there to greet them, and immediately began to chant. "Shenouda is the enemy of God," they yelled, referring to Pope Shenouda III, the head of the Coptic Church, Egypt's largest religious minority. "Shenouda is an infidel ... State security, where is your Islam? Why did you leave the criminals alone?"

Much of the rage expressed by the members of the hard-line Salafi sect of Islam stems from one woman. Not much is known about Camilia Shehata, a priest's wife from Upper Egypt, whose story (or lack thereof) has gripped the Middle East's most populous nation since the summer, sparking waves of angry protests and emotional editorials. Shehata disappeared from her home for several days in July after having reportedly converted to Islam — some say in an effort to get a divorce, which is not permitted by the Coptic Church. At first, the Christians protested — accusing Muslims of kidnapping a Christian and forcing her to convert. When she re-emerged, it was the Muslims' turn. Many now believe Shehata was forcibly returned to her home and the Coptic Church by state authorities, only to become sequestered against her will within the confines of a monastery.

"We do not know anything except that she was married to a priest and she ran away from that marriage. Everything else is just rumors, and that is the problem," says Amr Khafagy, the editor in chief of the independent al-Shorouq newspaper, which has run four stories and an editorial about Shehata. "The government never said the absolute truth and the church never said the absolute truth. And the media blew these rumors out of proportion."

It's not the first time a Christian has converted to Islam, but conversion has long been a sensitive issue in a state where Copts worry about rising Muslim religiosity and Muslims increasingly see Copts as existing outside the law. It is also one of the first times the state has interfered in an individual's conversion, claims Rafiq Habib, a Coptic intellectual. If they hadn't, he says, this never would have gotten so out of hand. "From the public perspective, it was a sign that the role of the church and the position of the Copts has changed in the last years — that they have become allies of the state and allies of the President."

Wafaa Constantine, who was also the wife of a priest, reportedly converted to Islam in 2004 and wound up in a monastery as well. Neither woman has appeared in public since their returns to the church, and the Salafi protests of late have invoked both names. "Today we hold a standoff to free our sister hostages from the church," explained one of the protesters, Atef Wael. "Whenever a sister converts to Islam, they keep her in the church and they torture her to make her appear before the media saying that she is a Christian, not a Muslim." Other protesters outside the mosque on Friday and in recent weeks have displayed pictures of women they allege are Shehata, Constantine and others held captive by the church. Some sobbed as they chanted slogans comparing their struggle to the Crusades. >>> Abigail Hauslohner, Alexandria | Monday, November 08, 2010

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Virginie : une école islamique déchaîne les passions
Mosquée Dar al-Hijrah, à Alexandria. Crédits photo : Le Figaro
LE FIGARO: REPORTAGE - Créée en 1984 à l'initiative du roi Fahd d'Arabie saoudite, cette école a notamment été mise en cause en raison du caractère haineux de certains de ses manuels.

Il est un peu plus de 14 heures, et une foule bigarrée s'écoule lentement hors de la mosquée Dar al-Hijrah, sur la route 7, à Alexandria. Des femmes sont couvertes d'un long hidjab noir qui ne laisse apparaître que leur visage. D'autres sont parées de voiles turquoise élégants. Des hommes en costume tapotent sur leur portable. Il y a aussi des Somaliens aux courtes barbes noires, qui s'égaient vers les parkings bondés flanqués de grappes d'enfants rieurs et d'épouses discrètes. «Chacun fait comme il veut, prie comme il veut. Ici, c'est l'Amérique. Nous sommes libres !» s'exclame Hassan Raja, un entrepreneur marocain qui a traversé l'atlantique il y a dix-sept ans. «Il n'y a pas un endroit au monde où le sort des musulmans soit plus enviable , insiste-t-il. Partout ailleurs, après le 11 Septembre, les musulmans auraient été étripés. En Europe, on aurait rendu notre vie misérable si une tragédie pareille s'était produite. Ici, il n'en a rien été !»

Pour illustrer son propos, cet ancien joueur de football raconte son propre chemin. Son départ du Maroc, où tout était si compliqué. Puis Bordeaux en France, qui n'a pas l'air d'être un si bon souvenir, car «on y est discriminé». Et enfin, l'Amérique, qui lui a permis de créer son entreprise et de faire carrière.

À moins de 3 kilomètres de là, James Lafferty, un ex-journaliste à la moustache poivre et sel, chrétien et conservateur, exprime un avis plus mitigé sur les succès de l'intégration des musulmans dans cet ancien État confédéré. Ce n'est pas vraiment la burqa qui l'inquiète, contrairement à ce qui se passe en France. Jim Lafferty, a même jadis défendu ardemment le droit des musulmans de porter le voile intégral, au sein d'une commission de lutte contre les discriminations religieuses. «Amputer les infidèles» >>> Laure Mandeville, envoyée spéciale du Figaro à Alexandria (Virginie) | Lundi 21 Septembre 2009

A Christian on the Run in Egypt
LOS ANGELES TIMES: Maher El Gohary is something his Muslim compatriots can't fathom: a convert to Christianity. He and his daughter live like fugitives, moving frequently to avoid those who'd like to see him dead.

Christians and Muslims clashed in 2005 at St. George's Church in Alexandria, Egypt, where Muslims demanded an apology for a play they said was offensive to Islam. Photo: LA Times
Reporting from Alexandria, Egypt - It is a clear day along the coast, but in a bungalow off the beach, Maher El Gohary sits behind a locked door with an open Bible and a crystal cross, suspicious of every voice and sandal scraping past outside.

He and his daughter, Dina, live like refugees, switching apartments every few months, not wanting to get close to neighbors. Gohary's life has been threatened, his dogs have been killed, and it's been suggested that he's insane or possessed by spirits.

He is a man this Muslim nation cannot fathom: a convert to Christianity.

"Islam is the only thing Egyptians are 150% sure of. If you reject Islam, you shake their belief and you are an apostate, an infidel," he says. "I can see in the eyes of Muslims how much my conversion has really hurt them."

Egypt's Coptic Christians, who represent about 10% of the population, have veered from coexistence to violence with the Muslim majority. Bloody clashes recently erupted between Copts and Muslims over land disputes and restrictions on churches.

But converts, such as Gohary, are even more unsettling. Islamists believe that Muslims who forsake their religion should be punished by death.

Gohary wants to be called Peter and refuses to yield. He has filed a lawsuit asking an Egyptian court to officially recognize him as a Copt by changing the denomination on his national ID card from Muslim to Christian. The court ruled against him in June, finding that Gohary's baptism documents from the Coptic Orthodox Church were "legally invalid." The verdict is on appeal.

The case highlights the religious and political complexities that drive modern Egypt. The nation often seems at battle with itself as it attempts to balance the ideals of a democracy with laws steeped in Islamic principles.

Freedom of religion is guaranteed in the constitution, but fatwas, or religious edicts, from clerics subject converts from Islam to persecution and threats. The government treads uneasily, not wanting to anger religious conservatives who stubbornly guard Islam's grip on society.

Converts such as Gohary "should be killed by authorities," says Abdul Aziz Zakareya, a cleric and former professor at Al Azhar University. "Public conversions can lead to very dangerous consequences. The spreading of a phenomenon like this in a Muslim society can cause many unwanted results and tensions between Muslims and non-Muslims." >>> Jeffrey Fleishman | Sunday, August 23, 2009